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PART I:
CASTRO AND TERRORISM 1959-2001, A CHRONOLOGY
A
CHRONOLOGY by Eugene Pons,
with a foreword by Jaime Suchlicki,
Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies Occasional Paper Series
September 2001
FOREWORD
Since 1948 when, as a young student,
Fidel Castro participated in the violence that rocked Colombian
society and distributed anti-U.S. propaganda, he has been guided by two
objectives: a commitment to violence and
a virulent anti-Americanism. His struggle since and his
forty-two years rule in Cuba have been characterized primarily by these goals.
In the 1960's Castro and his brother,
Raul, believed that the political and economic conditions that produced their
revolution existed in Latin America and that anti-American revolutions would
occur throughout the continent. Cuban agents and diplomats established contact
with revolutionary, terrorist and guerrilla groups in the area and began
distributing propaganda, weapons and aid. Many Latin Americans were brought to
Cuba for training and then returned to their countries.
At the Tricontinental Conference held
in Havana in 1966 and attended by revolutionary leaders from throughout the
world, Castro insisted that bullets not ballots was the way to achieve power and
provided the institutional means to promote his anti-American, violent line. He
insisted that "conditions exist for an armed revolutionary struggle"
and criticized those who opposed armed struggle, including some Communist
leaders in Latin America, as "traitorous, rightists, and
deviationists."
Castro's attempts in the 1960's to
bring revolutionary, anti-American regimes to power failed. His support for
guerrillas and terrorist groups in Guatemala, Venezuela, and Bolivia only
produced violence and suffering to those countries and their people, which
repudiated violence as a means to achieve power. Violence resulted in military
regimes coming to power in several Latin American countries
For the next two decades, the Cuban
leadership, supported by the Soviet Union, modified its tactics. In addition to
agents from the America Department, the subversive arm of Cuba's Communist
Party, Castro used his Armed Forces to help friendly groups achieve power in
Latin America and Africa. In Nicaragua Cuban military personnel, weapons and
intelligence supported and helped bring to power the Sandinistas. In El
Salvador, a bloody civil war in part fomented and aided by Cuba, ended in a
stalemate and a negotiated peace. In Africa, Castro achieved his most
significant victories. The Soviet-Cuban backed Movement for the Liberation of
Angola (MPLA) faction was installed in power in Angola and other Cuban supported
regimes came to power throughout the continent. The Cuban military also trained
and supplied the South-West African Peoples Organization (SWAPO) and the African
National Congress (ANC), forces fighting the South African regime.
Castro also became involved with
African-Americans in the U.S. and with the Macheteros, a Puerto Rican terrorist
group. Cuba focused particular attention on the black struggle in the U.S.,
providing aid and training to the Black Panthers and the Black Liberation Army,
as well as a safehaven on the island for black leaders. Castro continuously
promoted the independence of Puerto Rico and supported the Macheteros who
committed terrorist acts and bank robberies in the United States. Several still
live in Cuba.
Cuban military and intelligence
personnel aided Middle Eastern groups and regimes in their struggle against
Israel, and Cuban troops fought on the side of Arab States, particularly Syria,
during the Yom Kippur war. Castro sent military instructors and advisors into
Palestinian bases; cooperated with Libya in the founding of World Mathaba, a
terrorist movement; and established close military cooperation and exchanges
with Iraq, Libya, Southern Yemen, the Polisario Front for the Liberation of
Western Sahara, the PLO and others in the Middle East.
Despite the collapse of the Soviet
Union, Castro continues to undermine U.S. policies in the Middle East in several
ways: a) by portraying U.S. actions and diplomacy in the region as those of an
aggressor, seeking to impose hegemony by force, particularly in Iraq and the
perpetration of unjustified economic sanctions on Iraq and Iran; b) by
portraying the U.S. as the main obstacle to a peaceful settlement of the
Israel/Arab conflict; and c) by discrediting U.S. policies and seeking support
for Cuba at the U.N. These anti-American views and policies are conveyed as a
systematic message through a network of Cuban embassies and agents, as well as
at the U.N. and other non-governmental political, religious and cultural
organizations.
While not abandoning his close
relationships in the Middle East, Castro has recently concentrated his support
on several groups: the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), where
Castro, and his new ally Hugo Chavez of Venezuela, see significant possibilities
for success; ETA, the Basque terrorist/separatist organization from Spain, which
has found refuge and support in Cuba, and the Irish Republican Army (IRA), which
established its Latin American headquarters in Havana.
American policymakers should pay
careful attention to the intricate web of relationships which emerges so clearly
from this chronology. It carefully details Castro's involvement with and support
for terrorist regimes and organizations during the past four decades. Cuba's
geographical location, Castro's continuous connections with these groups and
states and the harboring of terrorists in Havana creates a dynamic that requires
vigilance and alertness. It should be emphasized that in addition to violence
and terrorism, Castro and his regime, have been for more than four decades, the
most vocal and active proponents of anti-Americanism. The often-repeated view in
many countries that the United States is an evil power, guilty for much of the
problems and sufferings of the developing world, is owed in great part to the
propaganda efforts of Fidel Castro.
Jaime Suchlicki
Director Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies
September 2001
Castro and Terrorism A Chronology
By Eugene Pons
1959-1967
Raúl
Castro and Che Guevara visited Cairo and established contacts with African
liberation movements stationed in and supported by Cairo. Both Cuban leaders
visited Gaza and expressed support for the Palestinian cause.
Members
of the Dominican Republic "Agrupación Política Catorce de Junio"
received military training in Cuba.
Major
emphasis was placed on instructing several hundred pro-Castro Latin Americans in
violence and guerrilla warfare. Dominicans, Guatemalans, Venezuelans and
Chileans were trained in special camps in Cuba and infiltrated back to their
countries.
Castro
established relations with the Algerian FLN; official and public support was
extended, weapons were shipped to the FLN through Morocco (1960-1961). Cuba
provided shelter, medical and educational services and cooperation in the fields
of counter-intelligence and intelligence.
African
leaders from Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, South Africa, Spanish Guinea,
Tanganyika and Zanzibar arrived in Cuba for military training.
Che
Guevara engaged in guerrilla operations in Congo-Kinshasa (former Zaire) in
1965.
A
revolutionary trained in Cuba, John Okello, overthrew the pro-Western government
in Zanzibar in 1964 and proclaimed the "People's Republic of Zanzibar"
which was promptly recognized by Cuba and the Soviet Union.
Conference
of Latin American Communist Parties held in Havana agreed to "help actively
the guerrilla forces in Venezuela, Guatemala, Paraguay, Colombia, Honduras and
Haiti".
Group
of Venezuelans, members of the Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR),
trained in Cuba and landed in the Venezuela coast in the State of Miranda.
Cuban
trained Guatemalans Cesar Montes and Luis Turcios Lima led a violent
terrorist/guerrilla campaign against the government in Guatemala. Montes
organized the Ejercito Guerrillero de los Pobres (EGP) in Guatemala. In the
1980's he joined the FMLN in El Salvador and participated actively in the bloody
civil war in that country.
Cuba
welcomed the founding of the PLO. First contacts with Palestinian FATAH in 1965
in Algiers and Damascus.
The
Tricontinental Conference was held in Havana in January, 1966 to adopt a common
political strategy against colonialism, neocolonialism, and imperialism. Cuba
provided the organizational structure to support terrorist, anti-American groups
in the Middle East and Latin America. The Organization for the Solidarity with
the Peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America (OSPAAL) was created.
Fidel
Castro created The National Liberation Directorate (DLN) in Cuba to support
revolutionary groups throughout the world. DLN was responsible for planning and
coordinating Cuba's terrorist training camps in the island, covert movement of
personnel and military supplies from Cuba and a propaganda apparatus.
A
Cuban controlled Latin American Solidarity Organization (LASO), with its
permanent seat in Havana was created to "coordinate and foment the fight
against North American imperialism".
In
Venezuela, Castro made a relentless and determined effort to create another Cuba
by supporting the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN) and promoting
violence and terrorism against the democratically elected regime of Rómulo
Betancourt.
Castro
sent weapons via Cairo, to the NLF in Southern Yemen. Cuban agents were sent on
fact-finding missions to North and South Yemen (1967- 1968).
Cuba
published a small book by French Marxist journalist Regis Debray Revolution in
the Revolution, promoting guerrilla warfare in Latin America. The book was
translated into various languages and distributed widely.
Cuban
supported guerrillas led by Che Guevara moved into Bolivia in an attempt to
create "many Vietnams " in South America.
Cuba
and Syria developed a close alliance and supported FATAH and the Eritrean
Liberation Front (ELF).
1968-1975
*
Cuba continued its military and political support for FATAH after the Syrians
broke with the latter, and Cuban military, political and intelligence support
was granted to other Palestinian organizations.
Castro
sent military instructors and advisors into Palestinian bases in Jordan to train
Palestinian Fedayeen (1968); first high-level delegation from FATAH-PLO visited
Cuba (1970).
Several
missions sent to Southern Yemen to support NLF/FATAH Ismail both politically and
militarily.
Castro
began supporting and training of M19, a Colombian guerrilla group that captured
the Dominican Embassy and the Justice building in Bogota and assassinated
several prominent Colombian judges.
In
1970 a "Mini Manual for Revolutionaries" was published in the official
LASO publication Tricontinental, written by Brazilian urban terrorist leader
Carlos Marighella. The mini manual gives precise instruction in terror tactics,
kidnappings, etc. The short book was translated into numerous languages and
distributed worldwide by Cuba.
Cuba
commenced political and military cooperation with Somalia's Siad Barre (1969).
Economic
and political cooperation began with Libya in 1974.
In
1974 the National Liberation Directorate (DLN) was reorganized into the America
Department (DA) under the Communist Party of Cuba Central Committee. The DA
centralized control over Cuban activities for supporting national liberation
movements. The DA was responsible for planning and coordinating Cuba's secret
guerrilla and terrorist training camps, networks for the covert movement of
personnel and material from Cuba, and a propaganda apparatus. DA agents also
operated in Europe and other regions. Trusted Castro ally Manuel Piñeiro,
" Barbaroja" was placed in charge.
Cuba
provided training and support to the Tupamaros, a terrorist group operating in
Uruguay.
Cuba's
America Department (DA) set up a network for the funneling of weapons and
supplies to the Sandinistas in Nicaragua.
In
1979 second in command in Cuba's America Department (DA) Armando Ulises Estrada,
helped unify Sandinista factions fighting Somoza.
Closer
connections with FATAH-PLO and other Palestinian organizations were reinforced,
including training of Latin American guerrillas in Lebanon; Cuba's military
support included counter-intelligence and intelligence training.
Arafat
visited Cuba in 1974.
Cuba
provided military support and personnel to Syria during the Yom Kippur War
(1973-1975).
Black
Panther Party members from the U.S. were trained in Canada by Cuban personnel.
Black Panther leaders and other U.S. blacks also received weapons and explosives
training in Havana.
Cuba
joined with Algeria and Libya on a diplomatic/political offensive in support of
Frente POLISARIO (People's Front for the Liberation of Western Sahara and Río
del Oro); later on provided military cooperation, and medical services.
1976-1982
The
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) estimated that there were 300
Palestinians training in Cuban camps.
Cuba
supported the so-called "Steadfastness Front" against the U.S. backed
Camp David accord.
Illich
Rámirez Sánchez, known as "Carlos, the Jackal", responsible for
numerous terrorist acts in Europe, trained in Cuba. He attended the 1966
Tricontinental Conference in Havana and later trained in urban guerrilla
tactics, automatic weapons, explosives and sabotage in Cuba.
Abu
Iyad, a close aid to Yasser Arafat, stated in 1978 that hundreds of Palestinian
had been sent to Cuban terrorist camps.
Additional
military and political support provided to the Palestinian cause; Arafat
attended the Sixth Non-Aligned Conference in Havana (1979).
During
Havana visit, Arafat signed agreement for military cooperation and arms supply.
Significant
hard currency loans (tens of million) were facilitated by Arafat-PLO to the
Cuban government under very soft terms; Cuba granted diplomatic and political
support to Arafat during the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon.
The
Aden (South Yemen) regime supported the Ethiopian radical officers commanded by
Mengistu Haile Mariam, sending Yemeni military units in support of the latter
against Somali aggression, and asking the Cubans to do the same. Cuba joined in,
first with a group of officers headed by General Arnaldo Ochoa, a move that was
followed later on by the deployment of large Cuban forces against the Somali
invasion. Also as part of the alliance with the Aden regime, Cuba granted some
small-scale support to the Dhofaris in their armed struggle against the monarchy
in Oman.
The
Cuban trained Congolese National Liberation Front invaded Shala, Zaire.
As
part of Cuba's alliance with Mengistu Haile Mariam's regime in Ethiopia, the
Cuban leadership decided to engage in active political and military support of
the Liberation Movement of Southern Sudan headed by John Garang against the
Arab-Muslim regime in Khartoum.
Cuba
developed closer ties with and sent military advisors to Iraq.
Cuba's
America Department (DA) operated a weapons pipeline to the Farabundo Martí
National Front (FMLN) a terrorist group attempting to gain power in El Salvador.
Cuba
cooperated with Libya in the political founding of the World MATHABA in Tripoli,
to provide political support and coordinate revolutionary violence throughout
the world. Cuba supported Libya's stand on Chad and the FRENTE POLISARIO.
Cuban
trained terrorists members of the Guatemalan EGP kidnapped a businessman in
Guatemala. Several were arrested in Mexico when attempting to collect ransom.
Despite
its close links with Baghdad, Cuba recognized and praised the Iranian
Revolution. Once Iraq attacked Iran, Castro withdrew his military advisors from
Baghdad and adopted a position of official impartiality, though more sympathetic
to Baghdad, due to his past relations.
1983-1990
Argentine
born Cuban intelligence agent Jorge Massetti helped funnel Cuban funds to
finance Puerto Rican terrorists belonging to the Machetero group. The Macheteros
highjacked a Wells Fargo truck in Connecticut in September 1983 and stole $7.2
million.
Cuba's
America Department (DA) provided, thru Jorge Massetti, weapons and several
thousand dollars to the Chilean MIR.
Libyan
support to Latin American revolutionary movements, especially in Central America
and the whole of the World MATHABA project, declined after the U.S.bombing of
Tripoli in 1986.
Cuban
agents in Mexico engaged in bank robberies to finance several terrorist groups
from Latin America operating out of Mexico.
The
Palestinian Intifada increased Cuba's support for Arafat and the PLO, both
diplomatic and military.
Several
dozen Mexicans received training in terrorism and guerrilla warfare in Sierra
del Rosario, Pinar del Rio Province and in Guanabo, in eastern Cuba.
After
the negotiations leading to the establishment of the Palestinian National
Authority, Cuban-Palestinian military cooperation was enhanced, including the
areas of counter-intelligence and intelligence.
In
early 1989, Cuban General Patricio de la Guardia directed a plot in Havana and
charged Jorge Massetti with blowing up the U.S. transmission balloon of TV Martí
located in the Florida Keys.
Cuba
condemned Iraq for its invasion and annexation of Kuwait, supporting the
latter's sovereignty; it also condemned U.S. military operations in the Gulf and
abstained at the U.N. from supporting the bulk of the sanctions imposed on
Baghdad. A Cuban military delegation was sent to Iraq to learn and share what
was considered vital information and experiences from U.S. combat operations in
Kuwait and Iraq.
Cuba
provided advanced weapons and demolition training to the Tupac Amaru
Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) in Perú. The Tupac Amaru attacked the U.S.
Embassy in 1984; bombed the Texaco offices in 1985 and attacked the residence of
the U.S. Ambassador in 1985 all in Lima, Perú.
1991-2001
ETA,
a Spanish terrorist organization seeking a separate Basque homeland, established
the Cuartel General (General Headquarters) in Havana.
A
high-level PLO military delegation including the head of Intelligence paid a
visit to Cuba.
On
February 24, 1996, Cuban Air Force Migs shot down, in international waters, two
small unarmed civilian planes belonging to Brothers to the Rescue, a Miami based
group. All occupants were killed, including three American citizens.
The
election of Abdelaziz Bouteflika (April 1999) as President of Algeria, opened
new opportunities for Cuba, given Bouteflika's close relationship with the Cuban
government for more than three decades.
PLO
leaders continue to have close relations with the Cuban leadership, having
access to specialized military and intelligence training, either in Cuba or
Palestinian territory, and in the sharing of intelligence.
A
spokesman for the Basque government in Spain met in Havana with two high level
ETA terrorist taking refuge in Cuba, José Angel Urtiaga Martinez and Jesús
Lucio Abrisqueta Corte.
Cuba
continued to provide safe haven to several terrorists fugitives from the U.S.
They include: Black Liberation Army leader Joanne Chesimard aka Assata Shakur,
one of New Jersey's most wanted fugitives for killing a New Jersey State trooper
in 1973 and Charlie Hill a member of the Republic of New Afrika Movement wanted
for the hijacking of TWA 727 and the murder of a New Mexico State trooper
A
number of Basque ETA terrorists who gained sanctuary in Cuba some years ago
continued to live on the island, as did several Puerto Ricans members of the
Machetero Group.
Castro
refused to join the other Ibero-American heads of state in condemning ETA
terrorism at the 2000 Ibero-American Summit in Panamá and slammed Mexico for
its support of the Summit's statement against terrorism.
Castro
continues to maintain ties to several state sponsors of terrorism in Latin
America. Colombia's two largest terrorist organizations, the Revolutionary Armed
Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN), both maintain
a permanent presence on the island.
Colombian
officials arrested IRA members Niall Connelly, Martin McCauley and James
Monaghan and accused then of training the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
(FARC). Connelly had been living in Cuba as the representative of the IRA for
Latin America.
Former
Defense Department counter-terrorism expert John More told UPI that Cubans,
militant Palestinians, Hezbollah and even advisors from the leftist government
of Venezuela are all active in Colombia.
During
the trial of several Cuban spies in Miami, one of the accused Alejandro Alonso
revealed on December 30, 2000 that he was instructed from Havana to locate areas
in South Florida "where we can move persons as well as things, including
arms and explosives."
Speaking
at Tehran University in Iran on May 10, 2001 Fidel Castro vowed that "the
imperialist king will finally fall".
Eugene Pons is the Coordinator of
Cuba's Information System at the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies,
University of Miami.
Glossary
BPP
- Black Panther Party - Founded in the United States in 1966 by Huey P. Newton
and Bobby Seale. It adopted Marxist-Leninist principles along with urban
guerrilla warfare, and a structure similar to the American Communist party.
DGI
- Directório General de Inteligencia - The Cuban Department in charge of
collecting intelligence and carrying out covert operations outside Cuba.
DA
- America Department - Centralized control over Cuban activities for supporting
national liberation movements, responsible for planning and coordinating Cuba's
secret guerrilla and terrorist camps, and propaganda apparatus.
DLN
- National Liberation Directorate - Organization created in Cuba to support
revolutionary groups throughout the world. Responsible for planning and
coordinating Cuba's terrorist training camps in the island, covert movement of
personnel and military supplies from Cuba, and propaganda apparatus.
EGP
- Ejercito Guerrillero de los Pobres - A political-military Marxist-Leninist
organization that followed Cuba and Vietnam as revolutionary models. This
Guatemalan insurgent organization was trained in Cuba and was very active during
the 1970s, seeking to depose the political and military structure of the
country.
ELF
- Eritrean Liberation Front - The most influential Eritrean organization
fighting for secession from Ethiopia in the 1960s, actively supported by the
Cuban and Syrian regime since 1965. Various internal divisions developed later
on until the late 1970s, when a new front was built based on very different
domestic and external alliances and, eventually led the Eritreans to victory.
Cuba's support to Mengistu Haile Mariam's regime in 1978 meant the cessation of
previous Cuban backing to the Eritrean cause.
ELN
- National Liberation Army - Organized by the Castro regime, this Colombian
Marxist insurgent group was founded in 1965. Its main terrorist activities
includes kidnappings and extortion targeting foreign employees of large
corporations.
ETA
- Basque Separatist Movement - This organization was founded by militants and
leftist students from the University of Madrid in 1962. They formed guerilla
units that commit violent terrorist acts claiming that they are fighting for
freedom of the Basque Region, in Spain. This group has close relations with the
IRA. The two groups have offices in Havana and their members have found safe
haven in Cuba.
FALN
- Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional - A Venezuelan guerrilla organization
trained by Cuba in violence and terrorism.
FARC
- Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - Established in 1964, the FARC is the
oldest and best-equipped Marxist insurgency in Colombia. It is a well-organized
terrorist group that controls several rural and urban areas. It has received
financial and military aid from Cuba and many of its members were trained in
Havana. FATAH - Palestine National Liberation Movement - Founded in 1959 by
younger generations of Palestinians that had experienced the defeats of 1948 and
1956. The FATAH are strongly committed to a radical nationalist platform to
fight for Palestine and against Arab intervention and manipulations of the
Palestinian problem. Mostly an underground organization until the June War in
1967 when it transformed itself into the most powerful and influential party
inside Palestinian and Arab politics. FLN - Front de Libération National - The
political and military organization that led the war of national liberation
against French colonial rule between 1954 and 1962. Ruling political party until
the 1980s in Algeria.
FMLN
- Farabundo Martí National Front - Formed in 1970, the FMLN is a terrorist
Marxist-Leninist organization intent on establishing a communist revolutionary
regime in El Salvador. The FMLN was extremely active in its terrorist campaign,
receiving assistance from Nicaragua and Cuba.
FSLN
- Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional - This organization was founded in
Havana in 1961 when Carlos Fonseca-Amador's Nicaraguan Patriotic Youth
organization merged with Tomas Borge's Cuban-supported insurgent group. The
group adopted Marxist-Leninist ideology and gained support from the Castro
government, employing low-level guerrilla warfare and urban terrorism tactics to
overthrow the Somoza dictatorship.
IRA
- Irish Republican Army - The IRA is the most dangerous terrorist organization
of Northern Ireland dating back to the early 1920s. Although, it wasn't until
the 1970's when the IRA began terrorist actions and resurrected the historical
conflicts. The IRA targets political transformation for United Ireland by
eliminating Britain from Northern Ireland and replacing the government of
Northern Ireland with a socialist government. Its Latin American headquarters
are in Havana.
LASO
- Latin American Solidarity Organization - A Cuban controlled organization
founded during the 1966 Tri-Continental Conference in Havana to "coordinate
and foment the fight against North American imperialism."
M-19
- Movimiento 19 de Abril - A Castro supported group formed in 1974 to disrupt
Colombia's government through acts of terrorism and violence. The M-19 was very
active throughout the 1980s receiving assistance and training from the
Montoneros and Tupamaros groups and the Cuban government, causing Colombia to
temporarily sever diplomatic relations with Cuba.
M-6-14
- Agrupación Politica Catorce de Junio - Dominican guerrilla organization
trained in Cuba.
MACHETEROS
- This terrorist organization is composed of four Puerto Rican groups: 1) the
Macheteros, 2) the Ejercito Popular Borícua (EPB), 3) the Movimiento Popular
Revolucionario, and 4) the Partido Revolucionario de Trabajadores Puertorriqueños.
Most of the Macheteros have been trained in Cuba, were they have established
relations with other terrorist groups. They are responsible for several
terrorist acts within the United States and throughout Puerto Rico.
MIR
- Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionaria - A Chilean insurgent organization
founded in 1965 and supported by Castro. The MIR was very active in the
mid-1970s when they promoted violence and occupied several rural areas in Chile.
The group encountered several set backs during the 1980s that essentially ended
their activity.
MONTONEROS
- An Argentinean guerilla organization that was formed in 1968 as a Peronist
urban anti-government group. It adopted a Marxist ideology in the mid-1970s
after it united with the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Argentina. In 1977,
many of its members were exiled and its numbers reduced to less than 300.
MRTA
- Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement - Marxist-Leninist revolutionary
organization formed in 1983 and supported by the Castro regime. The MRTA's
intent was to establish a Marxist regime in Peru through terrorism, although
Peru's counter terrorism program diminished the groups' ability to effectively
carry out terrorist attacks.
NLF
- National Front for the Liberation of South Yemen - Created in 1962 in the
course of the revolution in North Yemen against the monarchy and supported by
Nasser, the NLF is another important and successful branch of the Arab
Nationalist Movement. Since 1965 it has had very close relations with Cuba. In
1966-1967, it broke with Nasser and finally forced the British to negotiate and
evacuate Aden. OSPAAL - Organization for the Solidarity of the Peoples of
Africa, Asia and Latin America - Founded in 1966 in Cuba at the Tri-Continental
Conference, this organization aims to support the struggle of the people of
Africa, Asia and Latin America against imperialism, colonialism and
neo-colonialism. PLO - Palestine Liberation Organization - This organization was
founded in Cairo in 1964 under the auspices of Egypt (then known as the United
Arab Republic) to serve Nasser's manipulations of the Palestinian cause. The
group was composed mostly of conservative Palestinian intellectuals and
bureaucrats serving Arab governments. The PLO was an instrument of Nasser's
foreign policy until the June War of 1967, when the old PLO leadership collapsed
to be replaced by FATEH's leadership headed by Arafat. POLISARIO - People's
Front for the Liberation of Western Sahara and Río del Oro - The Frente
POLISARIO was inspired by the ANM tradition and the Algerian FLN and was created
to fight against the Spanish-Morrocan-Mauritinian arrangements to split the
former colony of Saguía el Hamra/Río del Oro (known as Western Sahara) between
the two African states. This group enjoyed active support from Algeria and Libya
and Cuba. POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINES - The most important
branch of the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM), created in the 1950s as radical
followers of Nasser. After the June War of 1967, the group disassociated itself
from Nasser and focused on building a more radical alternative within the
Palestinians under the name of Popular Front. The group has strong alliances
within Lebanon, Jordan, Yemen, and the Gulf, and was heavily engaged in
terrorist activities during the 1970s. TRICONTINENTAL - Cuban publication
disseminated by the Organization for the Solidarity of the Peoples of Africa,
Asia and Latin America (OSPAAL) in four languages: Spanish, English, French, and
Italian / promoting the Castro line of armed struggle.
TUPAMAROS
or MNL - Movimiento Nacional de Liberación Tupamaros - This Uruguay insurgent
group was organized in the early 1960s by law student Raul Sendic. The Tupamaros
were one of the first terrorist groups to use guerrilla warfare in urban areas
and established independent terrorist cells throughout the country.
WORLD
MATHABA - A Libyan project from the late 1970s to promote political, financial,
and military support for revolutionary movements throughout the world. Ghaddafi
called on other "revolutionary governments" to support this project,
which Cuba did. MATHABA was essentially a tool in the hands of the Libyans to
project their individual goals and agenda. Financial and military assistance was
never a collective decision, but responded for the most part to bilateral
arrangements between Ghaddafi's regime and individual organizations, some of
which resorted, at different stages, to terrorist methods like the IRA and ETA.
Insurgencies in Central America, like the Sandinistas and others, were
privileged beneficiaries along with the African National Congress, Frente
POLISARIO, and others.
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Mallin
Sr., Jay, History of the Cuban Armed Forces: From Colony to Castro. Virginia:
Ancient Mariners Press, 2000.
Masetti,
Jorge, El Furor y el Delirio: Itinerario de un hijo de la Revolución cubana.
Barcelona: TusQuets Editores, S.A. 1999.
Miami
Herald, The, "Witnesses link Castro, drugs." January 2000.
Mundo,
El, "El portavoz del Gobierno vasco estuvo en Cuba con dos etarras
en octubre de 1999." España; February 2000.
Pavlov,
Yuri, Soviet-Cuban Alliance (1959-1991). New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers,
1994.
Pérez
Giménez, Alberto; "El Departamento América cubano." Diario ABC
S.L.U., http://www.abc.es/archivo, August 2001.
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Mario, "Project for Excellence in Journalism in Washington, D.C.," http://mprofaca.cro.net/carlos.html#top.
Reitan,
Ruth, The Rise and Decline of an Alliance: Cuba and African leaders in
the 1960's. Ann Arbor: Michigan State University Press, 1999.
Ross,
Enrique, Castro y las Guerrillas en Latinoamerica. Miami: Distribuidora
Universal, 2001.
Sale,
Richard, "Analysis: U.S. Policy Morphing in Colombia." United Press
International, 2001.
Sheheri,
Tami, "N.J. Governor Blasts Chesimard Letter." APBnews.com;
http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a391adbb70910.htm, December 1998.
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Research Center, The, "Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA). Next
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British News, August 2001.
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oOo -
The Institute for Cuban
& Cuban- American Studies
The Institute for Cuban &
Cuban-American Studies (ICCAS) is part of the School of International Studies at
the University of Miami. ICCAS serves as an academic center for the research and
study of Cuban, Cuban-American and U.S.-Cuban topics. It helps determine
and direct the research agenda in Cuban Studies at the University of Miami and
in the broader world of scholarship through academic programs, publications, and
the sponsoring of original research on specific topics. ICCAS offers courses on
Cuban history and culture and acquires or encourages the acquisition of relevant
books, documents, collections, and other materials for the Cuban Heritage
Collection at the University of Miami Otto G. Richter Library. It also serves as
an educational link between the university, the exile community, and the South
Florida community at-large. For information please call (305) 284-CUBA (2822);
Fax (305) 284-4875; Email to iccas.sis@miami.edu
<mailto:iccas.sis@miami.edu> Address - Institute for Cuban &
Cuban-American Studies School of International Studies P.O. Box 248174 Coral
Gables, FL 33124-3010
About the
Occasional Paper Series
The Institute publishes between 6-12
works per year as part of its Occasional Paper Series. A broad range of topics
is covered by the series, from the social sciences to the humanities to more
policy-oriented works on current events. An annual subscription is $50. Back
issues are available for $10 per copy.
OPS Advisory Board
Luis Aguilar León, Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies
Graciella Cruz-Taura, Florida Atlantic University
José Manuel Hernández, Georgetown University (Emeritus)
Irving Louis Horowitz, Rutgers University
Antonio Jorge, Florida International University
Armando Lago, Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy
Lesbia Orta Varona, University of Miami
Jaime Suchlicki, Director Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies
Recently
Published
Irving Louis Horowitz,
"Political Pilgrimage to Cuba, 1959-1995." (August 1996).
Joaquín Roy, "España,
la Uni?n Europea y Cuba: la evoluci?n de una relaci?n especial a una política
de gestos y de presi?n." (September 1996).
Antonio Jorge,
"Methodology, Ideology, and the Economy: The Dismal State of Cuban
Studies." (October 1996).
Enrique A. Baloyra,
"Twelve Monkeys: Cuban National Defense and the Military." (November
1996)
José Manuel Hernández,
"Félix Varela: El primer cubano." (December 1996).Double Issue:
"Facing the Future: Two views on Cuba's Inevitable Transition."
Includes Edward González, "Cuba's Dismal Post-Castro Futures" and
Alberto Coll, "The Future of U.S.-Cuba Relations." (February 1996).
Gert Oostindie, "A Loss
of Purpose: Crisis and Transition in Cuba." (March 1997).
Marta Beatriz Roque Cabello
and Arnaldo Lauzurique, "Documentos del Instituto Cubano de Economistas
Independientes." (April 1997).
Jaime Suchlicki, "Cuba: A
Current Assessment." (May 1997).
Graciella Cruz-Taura, "De
Patria Soñada a Nación Funesta: Cuba en la Obra de José Antonio Saco."
(June 1997).
Emilio T. González, "The
Cuban Connection: Drug Trafficking and the Castro Regine." (July 1997).
Gustavo Pérez-Firmat, "A
Willingness of the Heart: Cubanidad, Cubaneo, Cubanía."(September 1997).
Jorge Duany, "From the
Cuban ajiaco to the Cuban-American Hyphen: Changing Discourses of National
Identity on the island and in the Diaspora." (October 1997).
Ricardo Pau-Llosa, "The
Tasks of Exile." (November 1997).Ileana Fuentes, "De Patria a
Matria." (December 1997).
Holly Ackerman, "Five
Meanings of Cuba's Political Prisoners." (February 1998).
Juan del Aguila, "Exiles
or Immigrants? The Politics of National Identity." (March 1998).
José Manuel Hernández,
"The Politics of Wishful Thinking: Nineteenth Century Precedents of the Bay
of Pigs." (April 1998).
George Lambie,
"Cuban-European Relations: Historical Perspectives and Political
Consequences." (May 1998).
Charlotte
Cosner,"Vegueros and Tabaqueros: Rebellion, Revolution, and 'The Devil's
Plant': Challenges to State Control in Colonial Cuba." (June 1998).
Maria Werlau,
"Impressions on the Visit of Pope John Paul II to Cuba." (September
1998).
Juan Clark, "The Pope's
Visit to Cuba and its Aftermath." (June 1999).
Domingo Amuchastegui,
"Cuba in the Middle East: A Brief Chronology." (July 1999).
Antonio Jorge, "The U.S.
Embargo and the Failure of the Cuban Economy." (February 2000).
Efren Cordova and Eduardo
Garcia Moure, "Modern Slavery: Labor Conditions in Cuba." (April
2000).
Efren Cordova and Eduardo
Garcia Moure, "La situacion de los trabajadores en Cuba." (April
2000).
Jaime Suchlicki, "The
U.S. Embargo of Cuba." (June 2000).
Sara M. Sanchez,
"Afro-Cuban Diasporan Religions: A Comparative Analysis of the Literature
and Selected Annotated Bibliography." (August 2000).
Irving Louis Horowitz,
"Searching for the Soul of American Foreign Policy: The Cuban Embargo and
the National Interest." (September 2000).
Dr. Moises Asís,
"Judaism in Cuba: 1959-1999." (December 2000).
Enrico Mario Santi,
"Fresa y Chocolate: The Rhetoric of Cuban Reconciliation." (May 2001).
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